Medicament comprising a reducing alkyl-sugar monomer for the treatment of inflammatory disorders

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a medicament comprising at least one reducing alkyl-sugar monomer having a hydroxyl function which is substituted by an alkoxy radical at C 2 -C 40 , said medicament being preferably intended to regulate inflammatory mechanisms. The reducing sugar is preferably selected from the group containing rhamnose, fucose and glucose. The invention also relates to a cosmetic treatment method involving the topical application of a composition comprising at least one reducing alkyl-sugar monomer having a hydroxyl function which is substituted by an alkoxy radical at C 2 -C 40 .

The present invention relates to novel reducing alkyl-sugar monomers aswell as the use thereof as medicaments, in particular asanti-inflammatory agents.

The inflammatory reaction is a response by the immune system of anorganism faced with an attack against its cells or vascularized tissuesby a pathogen such as a virus or a bacterium, or by a chemical orphysical attack. Often painful, inflammation is generally a healingresponse. In certain cases, however, (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn'sdisease, autoimmune diseases, etc.) it can have consequences moreserious than the original stimulus.

Contact hypersensitivity reactions correspond to specific immunityreactions directed against antigens located on cells or in tissues, atthe origin of cellular lesions or inflammatory reactions. Thesehypersensitivity reactions can develop within the framework of defensemechanisms with respect to a pathogenic microorganism or in the case ofallergic reactions. They utilize various types of cells, in particularskin cells and certain leucocytes, not to mention endothelial cellswhose role is preponderant in inflammatory reactions.

The intercellular interactions which intervene generally imply specificrecognition phenomena between ligands and receptors. During the pasttwenty years, many cellular surface receptors have been identified, suchas proteins capable of ensuring specific recognition with certain sugarssuch as fucose and rhamnose.

Lectins are proteins imbedded in the membranes of eukaryotic cells whichplay a very important role in adhesion and recognition phenomena betweencells, in particular during inflammatory processes. Membrane lectins areimplicated in particular in endocytosis, intracellular transport ofglycoconjugates and endothelial permeability. Moreover, these proteins,often transmembrane proteins, contribute to specific antigen recognition(extracellular domain) and to cell activation (intracellular domain).Lectins can specifically recognize certain sugars, in particularrhamnose.

For a number of years, alkyl polysaccharides (C_(m)G_(n), where m is thenumber of carbons in the alkyl chain and n the number of glycoside unitscomposing the hydrophilic head) have constituted an interesting familyof nonionic surfactants. For example, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs), whichare prepared industrially from glucose and fatty alcohol, find a numberof applications in detergency and in addition in beauty care due totheir satisfactory dermatological tolerance.

The publication “Cosmetic use formulation containing pentyl rhamnosideand cetyl rhamnoside,” J. P. Houlmont et al., International Journal ofCosmetic Science, 2001, 23, 363-368, describes the synthesis and use ofpentyl and cetyl rhamnoside as a co-surfactant and surfactant,respectively, as well as their adequacy for cosmetic formulations. Thesealkyl rhamnosides (at C₅ and C₁₆) are produced directly by theacetylation of L-rhamnose in a suitable alcohol in the presence of anacid catalyst. These alkyl rhamnosides are described as beingbiocompatible and not very toxic.

The patent application EP 0804923 describes a composition comprised of apolysaccharide alkyl ether which includes at least two different sugarunits and at least one hydroxyl group substituted by a saturated alkylchain at C₁-C₂₄. This composition makes it possible to protect the skinfrom ultraviolet radiation.

The patent application EP 0804924 describes a composition intended toprolong the longevity of a perfume on the skin which includes at leastone polysaccharide alkyl ether comprised of at least two different sugarunits and at least one hydroxyl group substituted by a saturated alkylchain at C₁-C₂₄.

The present invention relates to monomers of alkyl-rhamnose or ofalkyl-fucose of formula I:

in which R₁ represents an alkyl radical at C₂-C₄₀, preferably at C₂-C₂₄,including all the isomer forms thereof, with the exception of productsof formulas

R₁ advantageously represents an alkyl radical at C₅-C₁₂, preferably atC₅-C₈.

According to an advantageous variant of the invention, R₁ represents aradical chosen from the group comprised of pentyl, octyl, decyl andundecyl.

Within the framework of the present invention, “alkyl-rhamnose monomer”is used interchangeably with “alkyl-rhamnoside,” and “alkyl-fucosemonomer” is used interchangeably with “alkyl-fucoside.”

The rhamnose or fucose can be levorotatory of or dextrorotatoryconfiguration. According to an advantageous variant of the invention,the rhamnose or fucose is of levorotatory configuration.

The rhamnose or fucose can be in α- or β-anomeric form. According toanother advantageous variant of the invention, the rhamnose or fucose isin the α-anomeric form.

The present invention also relates to a medicament comprised of at leastone reducing-sugar monomer whose hydroxyl function, advantageously theanomeric hydroxyl function, is substituted by an alkoxy radical atC₂-C₄₀, preferably at C₂-C₂₄. Within the framework of the presentinvention, these reducing-sugar monomers whose hydroxyl function issubstituted by an alkoxy radical are called reducing alkyl-sugars.Reducing alkyl-sugars are of the following general formula:

in which R₂ represents the radical —CH₃ or the radical —CH₂OH and R₁represents an alkyl radical at C₂-C₄₀, preferably at C₂-C₂₄.

Within the context of the present invention, a “reducing sugar” isunderstood to mean a sugar that exhibits, when it is in linear form, afree aldehyde function carried by the carbon anomer. Reducing sugars canbe demonstrated in a solution with Fehling's test for reducing sugars.As examples of reducing sugars, glucose, fructose, maltose, galactoseand lactose can be cited in particular.

Within the framework of the present invention, the reducing sugar isadvantageously selected from the group comprised of rhamnose, fucose andglucose.

The rhamnose, fucose or glucose can be of a levorotatory ordextrorotatory configuration. According to an advantageous variant ofthe invention, the rhamnose, fucose or glucose is of a levorotatoryconfiguration.

The rhamnose, fucose or glucose can be in the α- or β-anomeric form.According to another advantageous variant of the invention, therhamnose, fucose or glucose is in the α-anomeric form.

According to an advantageous variant of the invention, the alkoxyradical includes from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 5 to 8. carbonatoms. Thus, R₁ advantageously represents an alkyl radical at C₅-C₁₂,preferably at C₅-C₈. According to an advantageous variant of theinvention, R₁ represents a radical chosen from the group comprised ofpentyl, octyl, decyl and undecyl.

The invention is characterized by the fact that the reducing sugar,carrying an alkyl radical, is exclusively in monomeric form.

The aforementioned reducing alkyl-sugar monomers, in particular thealkyl-rhamnose, alkyl-fucose or alkyl-glucose monomers according to theinvention, can be synthesized in a single-step reaction, without anystep of protection or deprotection of the hydroxyl functions of thereducing sugar, by a condensation reaction of the reducing sugar, inparticular the rhamnose, fucose or glucose, with an alcohol, having anumber of atoms corresponding to the length of the alkyl chain.

The synthesis process used is a standard Fischer reaction withp-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) as the acid catalyst. It is carried out ina “one-pot” manner: the reagents (reducing sugar, in particularrhamnose, fucose or glucose, alcohol, and acid catalyst) are placedtogether without using solvent, and thus the medium is in heterogeneousform.

The reducing-sugar mixture, in particular rhamnose, fucose or glucose,alcohol and acid catalyst, is advantageously brought into reaction underheating and possibly under stirring at a temperature between 20° C. and120° C., even more advantageously between 35° C. and 75° C. Thetemperature should not be too high, in particular it should not exceed120° C., in order to avoid degradation of the sugars. The mixture isadvantageously mixed for between 5 minutes to 24 hours, still moreadvantageously for 3 hours.

The anomeric function being the most reactive, by virtue of thestabilization of the carbocation by resonance, the alcohol is addedexclusively at position 1.

The alcohol, in excess, in a molar ratio approximately double comparedto the reducing sugar, in particular to the rhamnose, fucose or glucose,is used as a solvent in the synthesis product, and thus the reactionmedium is in a homogeneous phase at the end of the reaction. Arelatively strong Bronsted acid that is soluble in an organic medium,such as PTSA, is chosen as the acid catalyst. Sulfuric acid that is toostrong and hydrochloric acid thus could not be used because they arewater soluble, whereas carboxylic acids are not strong enough. It isnecessary to avoid working in the presence of water, because waterfurther favors the reverse hydrolysis reaction rather than the additionreaction.

The self-condensation of the reducing-sugar monomers, in particular ofalkyl-rhamnose, alkyl-fucose or alkyl-glucose, is limited or eveneliminated, although each hydroxyl function, from a theoretical point ofview, is capable of reacting with another to create a glycoside bond andthus increasing the degree of polymerization, because of the absence ofprotective agents. It is supposed that this self-condensation iseliminated because the 6-deoxy sugars (rhamnose, fucose in particular)lack a primary hydroxyl function and have a methyl group in its place.The methyl group of the 6-deoxy sugars would favor alkyl-monosaccharideformation by eliminating a highly-reactive hydroxyl function carried bycarbon 6 and by adding a steric problem in the vicinity of carbon 4.

For all of the reducing alkyl-sugars, this synthesis leads to theα-anomer configuration in which the steric problem is minimized andwhich is thus the most thermodynamically stable. In particular, for themajority of the alkyl-rhamnosides, this synthesis leads to the α-anomer.The α/β anomeric ratio for the alkyl-fucosides is near 2.

According to an advantageous variant of the invention, the water formedduring the condensation reaction is eliminated, physically orchemically. As an example of a physical technique for eliminating thewater formed during the synthesis, distillation or the use of anadsorbent can be cited in particular. As an example of a chemicaltechnique for eliminating the water formed during the synthesis, adesiccation agent can be cited in particular.

The water formed during the condensation reaction is advantageouslyeliminated by means of a desiccation agent chosen from the groupcomprised of the carbonates, the sulfates, calcium chloride, phosphoruspentoxide, the molecular sieves or combinations of these variousdesiccation agents. The desiccation agent can be introduced directlyinto the reaction medium.

According to a variant of the invention, the condensation reaction iscarried out at atmospheric pressure and under an atmosphere of inertgas, such as argon or nitrogen.

According to another variant of the invention, the condensation reactionis carried out at reduced pressure.

According to an advantageous variant of the invention, at the end of thecondensation reaction the mixture is brought to a lower temperature,from several degrees below the reaction temperature to 0° C., preferablyto ambient temperature, and is taken up in a solvent capable ofsolubilizing the reducing alkyl-sugar monomer, in particular thealkyl-rhamnose, alkyl-fucose or alkyl-glucose monomer, with theaforementioned solvent being advantageously dichloromethane. The acidcatalyst is neutralized using a weak base, preferably bicarbonate, for aperiod ranging from 1 minute to 24 hours, advantageously for 30 minutes.

According to the length of the chain, the products are purified eitherby column chromatography for the shortest chains, or by Soxhletextraction for the other compounds. The two methods can be combined ifvery high purity is sought.

The principle of purification by Soxhlet extraction consists of mixingthe crude reaction product (reducing alkyl-sugar, in particularalkyl-rhamnoside, alkyl-fucoside or alkyl-glucoside, residual alcohol,PTSA, reducing sugar, in particular rhamnose, fucose or glucose) withchromatography silica in a weight ratio near 1:4, and placing thismixture in a extraction cartridge: coupling a heated solid-liquidextraction method with a continuous chromatography method.

The weight yield of this process of synthesis of reducing alkyl-sugarmonomers, in particular of alkyl-rhamnose, alkyl-fucose or alkyl-glucosemonomers, is greater than 40%.

The medicament according to the invention is advantageously intended toregulate inflammatory mechanisms.

The medicament is in particular intended for the prevention or treatmentof allergic, inflammatory or immune reactions or pathologies of the skinand/or mucous membranes. The medicament according to the invention isalso intended to inhibit the immune response related to inflammatorystress.

The medicament according to the invention is in particular intended toinhibit the activation of leucocytes, such as human granulocytes, inparticular human neutrophils and mast cells which prevent the release ofthe preformed mediators of the immune reaction. It also makes possibleinhibition of the adhesion of circulating lymphocytes and endothelialcells, thus preventing the transmigration of these leucocytes to theinflammation site. It also makes possible inhibition, of the secretionof keratinocytic cytokines, activators of T lymphocytes and Langerhanscells such as IL-1 and TNF-α, or of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1and VCAM, which contribute to the recruitment and trans-endothelialpassage of leucocytes. The medicament according to the invention is alsoan inhibitor of the keratinocytic hyperplasia phenomenon.

The medicament according to the invention is also an inhibitor ofantigen processing by the dendritic cells of the skin, of maturation ofantigen-presenting cells, namely dermal dendritic cells and Langerhanscells, and of the recognition phenomenon between lymphocytes andantigen-presenting cells.

Thus, the medicament according to the invention is intended for theprevention or treatment of diseases chosen from the group comprised ofatopic and/or contact eczema, inflammatory dermatoses, irritantdermatitis, acne, autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis,photo-immunosuppression, vitiligo, pityriasis, sclerodermas, rheumatoidarthritis, Crohn's disease and graft rejection.

The medicament according to the invention is also intended for theprevention and treatment of age-related chronic inflammatory problemsand their consequences. The medicament is in particular intended for theprevention or treatment of diseases chosen from the group comprised ofanaphylactic sensitivities, pigmentary anomalies of the skin, dermalhypervascularity and inflammatory fissuring.

According to a variant of the invention, the medicament is intended toreduce the allergenic and/or irritant character of a composition orperfume.

The medicament according to the invention advantageously contains from0.001% to 50% by weight of reducing alkyl-sugars.

The medicament according to the present invention can be formulated foradministration by any route. It is advantageously formulated to beadministered by topical, oral, subcutaneous, injectable, rectal andvaginal routes.

When the medicament is formulated to be administered by oral route, theaforementioned medicament can appear in the form of an aqueous solution,an emulsion, tablets, gelatin capsules, capsules, powders, granules,solutions or oral suspensions.

When the medicament is formulated to be administered by subcutaneousroute, the aforementioned medicament or the aforementioned compositioncan appear in the form of sterile injectable ampules.

When the medicament is formulated to be administered by rectal route,the aforementioned medicament can appear in the form of suppositories.

When the medicament is formulated to be administered by vaginal route,the aforementioned medicament can appear in the form of vaginalsuppositories.

The medicament according to the invention is preferably a topicalapplication. Thus, the medicament can be formulated so as to appear, forexample, in the form of an aqueous solution, a white or colored cream, apomade, a milk, a lotion, a gel, an ointment, a serum, a paste, a foam,an aerosol or a stick.

The quantity of the medicament according to the invention to beadministered depends on the gravity and age of the ailment treated.Naturally, the doctor will also adapt the dosage according to thepatient.

The present invention also relates to a method for the cosmetictreatment of skin and/or mucous membranes that are sensitive, irritated,intolerant, of an allergic tendency, aged, exhibiting danger signs,exhibiting a disorder of the cutaneous barrier, exhibiting cutaneousredness or exhibiting a non-pathological immunological imbalance relatedto intrinsic, extrinsic or hormonal aging, wherein it consists ofapplying to the skin and/or the mucous membranes a composition comprisedof at least one reducing-sugar monomer whose hydroxyl function,advantageously the anomeric hydroxyl function, is substituted by analkoxy radical at C₂-C₄₀, preferably at C₂-C₂₄.

The present invention also relates to a cosmetic treatment method toslow the natural aging of the skin and/or to prevent the acceleratedaging of skin subjected to external attacks, in particular to preventphoto-induced aging of the skin, wherein it consists of applying to theskin a composition comprised of at least one reducing-sugar monomerwhose hydroxyl function, advantageously the anomeric hydroxyl function,is substituted by an alkoxy radical at C₂-C₄₀, preferably at C₂-C₂₄.

The cosmetic composition applied in the cosmetic treatment methodaccording to the invention advantageously contains from 0.001% to 50% byweight of reducing alkyl-sugars. The reducing sugar is advantageouslyselected from the group comprised of rhamnose, fucose and glucose.

The rhamnose, fucose or glucose can be of a levorotatory ordextrorotatory configuration. According to an advantageous variant ofthe invention, the rhamnose, fucose or glucose is of a levorotatoryconfiguration.

The rhamnose, fucose or glucose can be in α- or β-anomeric form.According to another advantageous variant of the invention, therhamnose, fucose or glucose is in the α-anomeric form.

According to an advantageous variant of the invention, the alkoxyradical includes from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 5 to 8 carbonatoms. According to an advantageous variant of the invention, R₁represents a radical chosen from the group comprised of pentyl, octyl,decyl and undecyl.

Within the framework of the invention, the reducing alkyl-sugars can beprepared according to the process described previously or by any otherprocess known to those skilled in the art.

When the cosmetic composition is formulated to be administered bytopical route, the aforementioned composition can appear, for example,in the form of an aqueous solution, a white or colored cream, a pomade,a milk, a lotion, a gel, an ointment, a serum, a paste, a foam, anaerosol, a shampoo or a stick.

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention appear in thecontinuation of the description with the examples presented below. Thefollowing figures will be referred to in these examples. These figuresand examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and cannotin any case be interpreted as limiting its scope.

FIG. 1: Viability of endothelial cells arising from peripheral lymphaticganglia in the presence of rhamnose.

FIG. 2: Viability of endothelial cells arising from peripheral lymphaticganglia in the presence of pentyl-rhamnoside.

EXAMPLE 1 Process of Synthesis of Dodecyl-Rhamnoside

Into a 100 ml two-neck round-bottom flask, surmounted with a condenserequipped with a desiccant (CaCl₂) trap, 2 g of rhamnose (1 equivalent)and 2 molar equivalents (4.6 g) of fatty alcohol (dodecyl alcohol) areintroduced under argon.

0.1 molar equivalent of the acid catalyst p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA)is added to the preceding heterogeneous mixture maintained under argon.The medium is stirred (magnetic stirrer) at 70° C. for 3 hours.

After the reaction, the then homogeneous medium is cooled to ambienttemperature. A solution of dichloromethane (20 ml) and a spatula-tip ofNaHCO₃ are added to the mixture left stirring under argon. The medium isleft thus for 30 minutes.

The solution is then filtered on paper. The filtrate (P2) containing thealkyl-rhamnosides is evaporated and concentrated in viscous oil.

Thus 1.9 g of P2 is recovered after filtration, and yield of 48% isachieved after a silica batch purification step.

The nature of the alkyl-rhamnosides is determined by NMR, HPLC and massspectrometry.

Mass spectrometry is carried out by electrospray. These analyses reveala maximum degree of polymerization of 2 for the polar head.

The 250 MHz NMR analyses are made in CDCl₃ or D₂O on a Brucker AC250multinuclear apparatus operating at 250.13 MHz for ¹H.

The chromatographic analyses are carried out in reversed phase on a C18grafted column (YMC-pack C18, 12 nm mean pore diameter, 5 μm particlediameter) and a LiChrospher 100 RP-8 column (125×4 mm internaldiameter). The eluent selected is an acetonitrile-water (40-60) mixture,with a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min at 45° C. The detector is a Sedex 45light-scattering detector.

These analyses make it possible to identify the alkyl-rhamnoside presentin P2 as dodecyl-rhamnoside.

Pentyl-rhamnoside, octyl-rhamnoside, decyl-rhamnoside andundecyl-rhamnoside can be synthesized according to the same process byreplacing dodecyl alcohol by pentyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, decylalcohol and undecyl alcohol, respectively.

EXAMPLE 2 Reactivity of Sugars with Respect to Alcohol

In the case of short-chain linear alcohols, the reactivity of varioussugars with respect to alcohol is good. Indeed, if two families ofcompounds, alkyl-rhamnosides and alkyl-glucosides, are considered, theresults obtained for pentyl-saccharides are comparable. Alcohol, whichis not very hydrophobic, ensures good contact by good wettability of thesugar and reactivity is thus increased. The yields obtained for theshorter-chain alcohols are always greater than 50%.

In the specific case of alcohols whose chain length is more than 8carbons, the yields of alkyl-glucosides decrease very rapidly when thelength of the hydrocarbon chain increases. Indeed, the alcohol becomestoo hydrophobic and contact with the highly hydrophilic glucose is lessand less assured.

This decrease in reactivity is much smaller in the case of rhamnose (seeTable 1). The yields for the alkyl-rhamnosides are approximately 8 timeshigher than those of the alkyl-glucosides for the chain at C₁₂ and stillnearly 6 times higher for the chain at C₁₆. TABLE 1 Weight yieldsobtained after purification of alkyl-glucosides and β-alkyl-rhamnosides.Rh—C₅ 50% Glu-C₅ 65%  Rh—C₁₂ 47% Glu-C₁₂ 6% Rh—C₁₆ 27% Glu-C₁₆ 5%

In Table 1, the abbreviation Rh represents rhamnose and the abbreviationGlu represents glucose. Thus, for example, Rh—C₅ representspentyl-rhamnoside.

One of the suggested reasons explaining this reactivity is a greaterhydrophobicity of the deoxy-sugars. Indeed, the elimination of thehydroxyl in position 6 and the presence of the methyl group make itpossible to increase the hydrophobicity of the sugar.

The presence of the methyl group on the fifth carbon also makes itpossible to increase the electron density of oxygen by a positiveinductive effect and thus to stabilize the intermediate acting in thereaction mechanism. Rhamnose is thus more reactive than the hexoses withrespect to fatty alcohols.

EXAMPLE 3 Physical Aspect of Alkyl-Rhamnosides as a Function of theLength of the Radical Alkyl Chain

Alkyl-rhamnosides having linear chains at C₅, C₆, C₈, C₁₀, C₁₁, andoleyl are in viscous liquid form.

Alkyl-rhamnosides having linear chains at C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈ and C₂₂ are insolid form.

Alkyl-rhamnoside having a linear chain at C₁₂ is a highly compact gel.

EXAMPLE 4 Pharmacological Analysis of Alkyl-Rhamnosides

The various immune cells acting in these inflammation processes werestudied. They are the dendritic cells of the skin, the endothelialcells, certain leucocytes and the keratinocytes.

1) Principles of Cellular Viability Measurement Techniques

MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide]reduction technique (sold by Sigma).

This technique corresponds to a colorimetric test allowingquantification of living, metabolically active cells in anon-radioactive manner. MTT is a cationic molecule which is bound to themembranes of mitochondria in a potential-dependant fashion. On the levelof the mitochondria, MTT will be reduced to formazan blue bymitochondrial dehydrogenase. The living cells are thus colored blue, incontrast with the dead cells which remain transparent. The measure ofviability is then carried out by measurement of the optical densityusing an automatic reader.

This method of analysis, however, seems to be better adapted foradherent cells (keratinocyte-type) than for non-adherent cells(monocytes and dendritic cells). Another study was thus envisaged toconclude on the cytotoxicity of the oligorhamnosides with respect to thedifferentiated cells analyzed, namely flow cytometry in the presence ofpropidium iodide.

XTT Tetrazolium Salt Reduction Technique.

This is a technique allowing quantification of cellular proliferationand of the number of living (metabolically active) cells, without theincorporation of radioactive isotopes. XTT, yellow in color, is acationic molecule which is bound to the membranes of mitochondria in apotential-dependant fashion, as does MTT.

On the level of the mitochondria, XTT will be reduced to formazan(orange) by mitochondrial tetrazolium reductase. This method, morecostly than the MTT method, does not require in its protocol the lysisof cells by SDS to release the dye. Indeed, the reduction product issoluble within the cell. The method is thus faster. Living cells, in theabsence and presence of a treatment become colored, in contrast withdead cells which remain colorless. The level of formazan product isdetected with the spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 450 nm and isdirectly proportional to the number of metabolically active cells.

2) Toxicity Tests

Keratinocytes were isolated and placed in culture from human skinbiopsies arising from anonymous donors following a plastic surgeryprocedure. Measurements of optical density (absorbance) of the 4 wellstreated with the same product concentration were averaged. This averagewas compared with the average of the measurements obtained for the 4control wells (Student's t-test —comparison of means—significantdifference at 95% if p<0.05 and 99% if p<0.01).

The viabilities of the treated cells are expressed as a percentagecompared to the control (untreated cells) of 100% (OD treated/ODcontrol×100).

Rhamnose does not exhibit cytotoxicity (see Table 2), even for thehighest concentrations. TABLE 2 Viability of keratinocytes in thepresence of various rhamnose concentrations. Rhamnose Rhamnose RhamnoseRhamnose 0.001 Control 1 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml 0.01 mg/ml mg/ml % viability100 104 98 100 95 p (Student) 0.504 0.679 0.991 0.407

Pentyl-rhamnoside exhibits cytotoxicity at concentrations greater than 2mg/ml (see Table 3). This toxicity cannot be explained by an effectinvolving the break-down of fats by the alkyl-rhamnoside given that at aclearly higher concentration, near 70 g/l, no detergency effect wasdemonstrated during the studies on the phosphatidylcholine multilamellarvesicles. TABLE 3 Viability of keratinocytes in the presence of variousconcentrations of pentyl-rhamnoside (Rh—C₅). Rh—C₅ Rh—C₅ Rh—C₅ Rh—C₅Control 5 mg/ml 2 mg/ml 1 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml % viability 100 40 53 74 94 p(Student) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.145

Toxicity tests were also carried out with undecyl-rhamnose andoctadecyl-rhamnose. The results are presented in Table 4 below: TABLE 4Viability of keratinocytes in the presence of various concentrations ofC₁₁ and C₁₈ alkyl rhamnosides. Rh—C₁₁ Rh—C₁₁ Rh—C₁₁ Rh—C₁₁ Control 500μg/ml 250 μg/ml 100 μg/ml 10 μg/ml % viability 100 30 11 17 81 p(Student) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Rh—C₁₈ Rh—C₁₈ Rh—C₁₈ Rh—C₁₈ Control500 μg/ml 250 μg/ml 100 μg/ml 10 μg/ml % viability 100 27 25 87 137 p(Student) <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 0.01

Endothelial cells were placed in culture, immortalized and stabilized intheir phenotype. The cell lines studied were appendix endothelial cells,brain microvascular endothelial cells, mesenteric lymphatic gangliaendothelial cells, peripheral lymphatic ganglia endothelial cells andskin microvascular endothelial cells.

The cytotoxicity test was carried out by means of a biochemical test onthe transformation of a tetrazolium salt, MTT. The results obtained arevery positive, and no toxicity is demonstrated with pentyl-rhamnoside(see FIGS. 1 and 2). Viability is indeed always greater than 85%, andthis is true for all of the cells lines studied.

FIG. 1: Viability of endothelial cells arising from peripheral lymphaticganglia in the presence of rhamnose.

FIG. 2: Viability of endothelial cells arising from peripheral lymphaticganglia in the presence of pentyl-rhamnoside.

Noted in particular is the appearance of a stimulation peakcorresponding to 4 hours of incubation, which is the time necessary forthe initiation of protein synthesis. The presence of this peak isinteresting because it indicates that the cells tolerate theoligorhamnosides (absence of toxicity) and assimilate them. Theseproducts appear to enrich the culture medium.

These results are similar for the other endothelial cell lines.

3) Influence of Alkyl-Rhamnosides on Human Cells Cultivated in aPro-Inflammatory Medium

Assay of the PGE₂ released by the NHK stimulated by PMA.

Alkyl-rhamnosides were evaluated as an inhibiter of the release of PGE₂in cellular supernatants. These products were placed in the presence ofthe NHK at the same time as the PMA at 1 ng/ml. Each condition testedwas evaluated for stimulation on 4 wells of NHK.

The abbreviation NHK means normal human keratinocytes.

The abbreviation PMA means phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate.

The results summarized in Table 5 below represent the mean PGE₂concentration values (pg/ml), after 24 hours of treatment, given in eachof the cellular supernatants, stimulated or not, and reported in aquantity of cells expressed in μg. TABLE 5 Percentage of inhibition ofthe release of PGE₂ as a function of the concentration ofalkyl-rhamnosides (Rh—C₅, Rh—C₁₁ and Rh—C₁₈). 0.05 0.02 0.01 1 mg/ml 0.5mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml mg/ml mg/ml mg/ml Rh—C₅ 89% 84% 64% 61% 29% — 63% Rh—C₁₁28% 28% Rh—C₁₈  2%

Pentyl-rhamnoside exhibits a stronger inhibition (80% to 60%) forconcentrations of 1 mg/ml to 0.05 mg/ml. Its activity decreases to 0.02mg/ml: 29% inhibition.

Pentyl-rhamnoside exhibits a strong inhibition, from 60% to 80%, forconcentrations ranging from 1 mg/ml to 50 μg/ml.

Undecyl-rhamnoside exhibits activity comparable to pentyl-rhamnoside inthe range of 20 μg/ml, which confers to it comparable inflammatoryactivity.

4) Adhesion Between Endothelial Cells and Lymphocytes

The influence of alkyl-rhamnosides on adhesion between lymphocytes andnot-activated endothelial cells, in particular the line of endothelialcells arising from the skin (HSkMEC), was evaluated. These cells wereplaced in the presence of a strong activator, TNF-α.

Adhesion is carried out in vitro under static conditions. Theendothelial cells were cultured in wells in order to obtain a monolayer.The cells were pretreated for 5 hours in the presence or absence ofalkyl-rhamnosides. As dodecyl-rhamnoside required a content of 0.1% byvolume to be soluble in the culture media, a control containing 0.1%glycerol was also analyzed. Indeed, the 0.1% glycerol stimulatedadhesion of the lymphocytes on HSkMEC (31%) whereas it did not have aneffect on the other endothelial cell lines.

The suspension of labeled lymphocytes was at a concentration making itpossible to obtain a ratio of 5 lymphocytes per endothelial cell.Adhesion was carried out for 30 minutes at ambient temperature. Thelabel binds irreversibly to the lipids of the plasma membrane of thecells without affecting the biological properties of the membrane orcellular viability.

The adhesion of the lymphocytes on the endothelial cells was quantifiedby flow cytometry.

The first adhesion tests on the non-activated endothelial cell linesyields the following results. 1.1 mM pentyl-rhamnoside induces anincrease in adhesion of lymphocytes on HPLNEC.B3 (37.9%) and a verystrong increase in adhesion on HMLNEC compared to rhamnose (96.7%). Ithas an inhibiting effect on the adhesion of lymphocytes on HSkMEC of37.3% compared to rhamnose. It has no effect or a very slight effect onHAPEC and HBrMEC.

1.5 mM dodecyl-rhamnoside decreases the adhesion of lymphocytes onHSkMEC by 34.2%. It increases adhesion on HAPEC by 44.1% and has noeffect on HBrMEC, HPLNEC.B3 and HMLNEC.

The results of adhesion between lymphocytes and activated endothelialcells, summarized in Table 5 below, arise from groups of three adhesiontests. TABLE 5 Results of adhesion between lymphocytes and endothelialcells (HSkMEC) in the presence of rhamnose derivatives. Medium TNFControl/TNF ratio Control 1.000 2.730 2.7 Rhamnose 1.630 2.450 1.5Pentyl-rhamnose 1.900 3.100 1.6 Glycerol control 2.200 3.200 1.45Dodecyl-rhamnose 3.200 1.900 0.59

The effect of 1.5 μM dodecyl-rhamnoside is confirmed on the endothelialcells with an inhibition of adhesion of 63%.

EXAMPLE 5 Evaluation of Cutaneous Irritant Potential ofPentyl-Rhamnoside on Reconstituted Epidermis

The evaluation of cutaneous irritant potential on reconstitutedepidermis is an alternative to animal experimentation. The principle isbased on the evaluation of the irritant potential of the product testedby:

-   -   the study of cytotoxicity by quantification of the release of        lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and by reduction of MTT to        tetrazolium salt,    -   the study of inflammation markers by quantification of the        release of interleukins IL_(1α) and IL₈.

The results are summarized in Table 6 below. TABLE 6 Results of theevaluation of cutaneous irritant potential of pentyl- rhamnoside onreconstituted epidermis Rh—C₅ 4% Triton 24 hours of MTT % 89.9 3.0application LDH ratio 1.4 124.7 IL_(1α) ratio 2.4 36.0 IL₈ ratio 5.2 3.772 hours of MTT % 82.1 1.5 application LDH ratio 1.0 77.3 IL_(1α) ratio2.0 7.2 IL₈ ratio 4.0 0.9 Classification Mild irritant irritant

The results show that pentyl rhamnoside, at a concentration of 30%, is amild irritant.

EXAMPLE 6 Study of the Sensitizing Capacity of Pentyl Rhamnoside by theLLNA Method

The abbreviation LLNA means local lymph node assay, which is analternative method to experimentation using guinea-pigs for sensitizingcapacity.

This test determines the sensitizing capacity of the test substance bymeasuring the proliferation of lymphocytes in auricular lymphaticganglia. The proliferation of lymphocytes will be measured bydetermining the incorporation of tritiated methyl thymidine.

The results are summarized in Table 7 below. TABLE 7 Results of thestudy of sensitizing capacity of pentyl-rhamnoside by the LLNA method.Concentrations Concentration 1: Concentration 2: Concentration 3: DNCBstudied Solvent 3% 15% 30% 0.25% dilution DPM-BLANK 13814.5 9921.58328.5 6378.5 125622.5 DPM/Ganglion 1726.8 1240.2 1041.1 797.3 15702.8RATIO 0.7 0.6 0.5 9.1 Conclusion Not Not Not Sensitizing sensitizingsensitizing sensitizing

In Table 7, the abbreviation DPM means “disintegration per minute,” theblank is the reference and DNCB means dinitrochlorobenzene, which servesas the sensitizing control.

The results show that pentyl-rhamnoside, even up to a concentration of30%, is not sensitizing.

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A method for treating or preventing inflammatorydiseases which comprises administering an effective amount of areducing-sugar monomer, whose hydroxyl function is substituted by analkoxy radical at C₂-C₄₀, to a patient in need thereof.
 19. The methodaccording to claim 18, wherein, in the reducing-sugar monomer, thesubstituted hydroxyl function is the anomeric hydroxyl function.
 20. Themethod according to claim 18, wherein the alkoxy radical comprises from5 to 12 carbon atoms.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the reducingsugar is selected from the group comprised of rhamnose, fucose andglucose.
 22. (canceled)
 23. The method according to claim 18, whereinthe inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting ofallergic, inflammatory or immune reactions and pathologies of the skinand/or mucous membranes.
 24. The method according claim 18, wherein theinflammatory disease is due to an immune response related toinflammatory stress.
 25. The method according claim 18, wherein theinflammatory disease is related to the activation of leucocytes, thesecretion of keratinocytic cytokines, the keratinocytic hyperplasiaphenomenon, antigen processing by the dendritic cells of the skin, thematuration of antigen-presenting cells and the recognition phenomenonbetween lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells.
 26. The methodaccording claim 18, wherein the inflammatory disease is selected fromthe group consisting of atopic and/or contact eczema, inflammatorydermatoses, irritant dermatitis, acne, autoimmune diseases such aspsoriasis, photo-immunosuppression, vitiligo, pityriasis, sclerodermas,rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and graft rejection.
 27. A methodfor the prevention and/or treatment of age-related chronic inflammatoryproblems and their consequences which comprises administering aneffective amount of a reducing-sugar monomer, whose hydroxyl function issubstituted by a C₂₀-C₄₀ alkoxy radical, to a patient in need thereof.28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the age-related chronicinflammatory problem is selected from the group consisting ofanaphylactic sensitivities, pigmentary anomalies of the skin, dermalhypervascularity and inflammatory fissuring.
 29. A method of reducingthe allergenic and/or irritant character of a composition or perfumewhich comprises administering an effective amount of a reducing-sugarmonomer, whose hydroxyl function is substituted by a C₂₀-C₄₀ alkoxyradical, to a patient in need thereof.
 30. The method according to claim18, wherein the medicament contains from 0.001% to 50% by weight of theaforementioned reducing-sugar monomer.
 31. A method for the cosmetictreatment of skin and/or mucous membranes that are sensitive, irritated,intolerant, of an allergic tendency, aged, exhibiting danger signs,exhibiting a disorder of the cutaneous barrier, exhibiting cutaneousredness or exhibiting a non-pathological immunological imbalance relatedto intrinsic, extrinsic or hormonal aging, wherein it consists ofapplying to the skin and/or the mucous membranes a composition comprisedof at least one reducing-sugar monomer whose hydroxyl function, issubstituted by an alkoxy radical at C₂-C₄₀.
 32. The method of claim 31,wherein the hydroxyl function, which is substituted by a C₂-C₄₀ alkoxyradical, is the anomeric hydroxyl function.
 33. The method according toclaim 31, wherein the reducing sugar is chosen from the group comprisedof rhamnose, fucose and glucose.
 34. The method according to claim 31,wherein the alkoxy radical comprises from 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
 35. Acosmetic treatment method to slow the natural aging of the skin and/orto prevent the accelerated aging of skin subjected to external attacks,in particular to prevent photo-induced aging of the skin, wherein itconsists of applying to the skin a composition comprised of at least onereducing-sugar monomer whose hydroxyl function, is substituted by analkoxy radical at C₂-C₄₀.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein thehydroxyl function, which is substituted by a C₂-C₄₀ alkoxy radical, isthe anomeric hydroxyl function.
 37. The method according to claim 27,wherein the medicament contains from 0.001% to 50% by weight of theaforementioned reducing-sugar monomer.
 38. The method according to claim29, wherein the medicament contains from 0.001% to 50% by weight of theaforementioned reducing-sugar monomer.
 39. The method according to claim35, wherein the reducing sugar is chosen from the group comprised ofrhamnose, fucose and glucose.
 40. The method according to claim 35,wherein the alkoxy radical comprises from 5 to 12 carbon atoms.